Guns germs and steel Essay

Jared diamond and his theory on how and the Europeans were so successful in their conquest of the incans. This was made possible due to the location of Europe. With the inventions of guns, and steel, along with being exposed to many germs before the incans. This gave the conquestidors many advantages over the inca. Once the Spanish conquered the Incas they had weapons that were unseen and unheard of to the indigenous. This was terrifying to the Inca community because they were unaware of the damage these weapons could cause and the power the Spanish had. The Spanish had been at war with the Mores for approximately 700 years. This gave them experience in fighting and also allowed them to construct the weaponry necessary for war. The Islamic were known to be the first to invent the the gun, but the Chinese invented the gunpowder. These separately were not useful, as the Chinese did not use gunpowder as a weapon. This was when the Spanish decided to combine the two and create what was k nown as the Harquebus. It was superior to any other gun known at the time. The Spanish had plenty of experience when they arrived to invade the Incas, was was not new to them. This gave them a possible advantage in weapons and fighting tactics. Since the Spanish had been at war for so long, they found the need to create more weapons, at which time the sword was invented. This was capable stabbing and slashing with great facility. The process of attempting to find the perfect sword took several hundreds of years. It was known as a family business, in which each person’s desire was to create a better sword than those by their ancestors. It was discovered that Iron infused with carbon was the perfect combination to creating a proper sword. The more carbon the harder the sword, but there must be a precise combination of sufficient flexibility and strength to the sword. The Rapier was seen to be that perfect sword, it was long sharp and strong. It not only became popular for war but also amongst gentlemen, this was the time at which it became common to wear your sword towards the side of your waist. These people were known to have descendants that were knights during the medieval times. There was a long process in Europe in attempting to create that perfect fighting weapon  which allowed to kill many in a short amount of time. Once the Rapier was introduced it gave Spain more power in weaponry, which allowed conquistadors to have an enormous advantage. During this time of exploration, slaves were brought to the Americas from Africa and Europe. These were transported in ships, at which time it was discovered that some had diseases which were easily transmitted amongst themselves. This became an epidemic that was brought to the new lands, and affected the indigenous people. Europe had previously gone through this disease, which was contracted by domestic animals. This caused many deaths, but those who survived became immune to these diseases. Once the epidemic arrived to the Americas, the indigenous became utterly ill. They unlike the Spanish, were not immune to these diseases because of their lack of domestic animals. Approximately 95% of the Inca population died. This completely destroyed their community, and allowed for the Spanish to conquer the lands easily and obtain their gold. The Inca’s numbers decreased almost immediately, which caused them to have a lack of power as well as army. This was an advantage to the Spanish which they used at their favor, taking over completely of the Incas. In conclusion the Europeans were able to conquer the incas easily because of geography and where they were located. They aquired guns first and the germs were ar ound more because of the animals they lived with and how they had many years to perfect their weapons and the steel was aquired first too.

Cumberland Metal Industries

In January of 1980, Cumberland Metal Industries (CMI) had developed a new product for the pile driving industry. Its new pad, made of tightly curled metal, had the potential to break into an industry where little or no innovation was taking place. The CMI product testing showed great efficiency gains over the current standard asbestos product. The existing competition consisted of small firms, few of which had the knowledge or resources to design and develop new products. CMI seemed on the verge of breaking into a new market, where its product would be the technological front-runner. It now needed to show its customers the value its product would provide, and price its new product accordingly. Without any consideration to potential savings realized in the price of the product, the CMI pad provides additional value to the customer in two ways, time and safety. Using asbestos pads, a pile driver was able to drive approximately 150-160 feet per hour. Using the CMI pads, the same pile driver was able to drive 200 feet per hour. Additionally, the CMI pads never went above a temperature of 250oF, which allowed them to be handled almost immediately. This increase in speed and resiliency accounted for a productivity increase of 33% faster driving time. With regards to safety, the CMI pad alleviates any health hazard concerns, which many workers were starting to feel towards the asbestos pads. This in the long run could save the customer significant money in healthcare costs and legal fees, should asbestos be proven to cause health concerns. The primary target market for the CMI pad would be the Engineering/Construction contractors and Independent pile-driving contractors. These two categories would benefit the most from a lower cost alternative to asbestos, as well as from the time and safety efficiencies. The secondary target market would be the Pile Hammer Distributors and Renting companies. This category may be less welcoming to the CMI pads, as the efficiencies realized by the contractors could translate into lost revenues due to fewer pads being needed and equipment being returned early. Part of the promotional aspect of this product launch should focus on the industry subject matter experts, the Pile Hammer Manufacturers, and the Architectural/Consulting Engineers. While these groups would not directly purchase this product, their opinions and specifications would be influential to the target markets. CMI had already submitted its pad for testing to Professor R. Stephen McCormack of Pennsylvania A&M University, who is well respected in the pile-driving field. While his results are not available, early indications are that his findings will be favorable. Should that be the case, CMI should promote these findings to the manufacturers and engineers, and work with them to have the CMI pads legitimized as a viable option within the industry. In deciding where to set the price on the new pads, CMI must first review its manufacturing costs, as well as determine the value its product would bring to its clients. The projected manufacturing costs are outlined in Table 1, with one option showing the costs using existing equipment, and the other showing the costs with a $50,000 investment in new permanent tooling equipment. Table 1 [pic] As is shown in Table 1, the permanent tooling reduces manufacturing costs by 53%. CMI would have to sell 633 units to break even on the initial $50,000 investment, however in my opinion I believe this is well worth it. By lowering its manufacturing costs, CMI can increase its margins, as well as increase its maneuverability with the product price. I will therefore base my pricing decision on the assumption that CMI invested in the permanent tooling equipment. CMI senior management has indicated that they are looking to receive a 50% margin on this product. Therefore, the minimum price option to be considered is $138. 36 per pad. Part of CMI’s product testing included providing the pads to two responsible contractors, Colerick Foundation Company and Fazio Construction, for them to test against the asbestos pads in working conditions. From the Colerick test, we learned that the contractor would have needed 480 asbestos pads, at a total cost of $1,000, to complete the job. In comparison, only 6 CMI pads would have been required. Therefore, in this situation, the exact comparable price per the job costs for a CMI pad to an asbestos pad would be ($1,000/6) $166. 66 per pad. The total number of feet for the job was 15,000, and from the test results we learned that the asbestos pads lasted for 31. 25 feet of pile driving, while the CMI pads lasted for 2,500. This translates into 80 asbestos pads needed for everyone one CMI pad. The average price of an asbestos pad is $3. 00; therefore the value to the contractor of a CMI pad would be (80 x $3) $240. In the Fazio test, the contractor would have used 600 asbestos pads, at a total job cost of $2,000. Again, in comparison, only 5 CMI pads would have been needed. In this instance, the comparable price of a CMI pad would be ($2,000/5) $400 per pad. The total number of feet for this job was 12,000, and from these test results we learned that the asbestos pads lasted for 20 feet of pile driving, while the CMI pads lasted for 2,400. In this example, 120 asbestos pads would be needed for every one CMI pad. The value of a CMI pad to this contractor would be (120 x $3) $360. While these results vary somewhat, they clearly show that the CMI pads last significantly longer than the current asbestos pads. For the purpose of determining price, I will extrapolate from the findings that a CMI pad lasts for 2,500 feet of pile driving, while an asbestos pad last for 25 feet of pile driving. Therefore, the value of one CMI pad to a contractor is comparable to 100 asbestos pads. Given the asbestos price of $3. 00 per pad, the dollar value of a CMI pad to a contractor is $300 per pad. Because CMI is the first to enter the market, with relatively weak competition, and protection from a patent, I recommend a skimming pricing strategy, with a focus on customer value. As a result, I would price the CMI pad at $162 per pad to our distributors, with an MSRP of $270. This would allow the distributors to market the product at a 10% price discount over asbestos, as well as the 33% increase in time productivity, and achieve a 40% margin. Due to the limited initial manufacturing volume of 250 pads per month, I believe the best course of action is to maximize possible revenue on each pad, rather than try for market penetration. The price of $162 would provide CMI a margin of 57. 5%, which exceeds the requirement of senior management, and would allow the company to invest in future research and development, or perhaps an advertising program should it wish to increase market share in the future.

The Gendered and Gendering Institutions

When describing something that influences your gender, most people would assume that your â€Å"sex† or our biological identification given to us at birth would be the most definite source; however there are multiple factors and processes that contribute to one’s gender identity. The multitudes of institutions that assist in the socialization of an individual vary from person to person, but are all beneficial in creating a sense of gender. According to Michael Messner, there are two types of institutions, the gendered and the gendering.The gendered institution is described by Messner as â€Å"an institution constructed by gender relations. As such, its structures and values (rules, formal organizations, sex composition, etc. ) reflect dominant conceptions of masculinity and femininity† (p. 133). The gendering institution can be described by Messner as an institution that constructs the current gender order and genders people’s bodies and minds, it creates the masculine and feminine identities.These institutions are both detrimental to the construction of gender and personal identity; for me the involvement in CYO sports at a young age and the household in which I grew up (all girls) allowed me the freedom to develop an identity of my own outside the traditional masculine/feminine identity. As an 10 year old girl joining an all girls basketball team for the very first time, my parents thought this would be a helpful and constructive pastime for me to be involved with as a distraction from their divorce.Already struggling with personal issues at home, this institution became a very prominent source of development. The rules and expectations of this particular institution were that if we could work as hard as the boys, we could eventually be as good as the boys. My team was strong and extremely competitive, and certain values were instilled in us by our coaches at a young age. Being resilient to injury, maintaining a competitive attitud e against teammates and opponents, and not displaying emotion were all values that I had picked up from being involved with a contact sport.The idea that an all girls sport is incorporated with femininity simply because the team is made up of girls just does not ring true. Instead, we were seen as more masculine simply because of values that we had picked up from being involved in the sports complexity. I began placing importance on things such as working out and practicing basketball instead of playing with dolls and playing dress up, going against the traditional role of a female adolescent. From third grade, to eighth grade, I continued as an active participant in the institution.Practice everyday after school for 5 days a week, with league games on the weekends; basketball slowly consumed my childhood. I believe that being involved in a contact sport as competitive and aggressive as basketball, I was gendered with a more masculine approach rather than a feminine one. Certain ten ants of the masculine gender are traditionally associated with sports; like being strong, being competitive, and displaying emotions of anger only, most of these which I picked up in my 5 years of participating in sports.While other girls my age were involved in activities like Girl Scouts, dance classes, and music lessons, I dedicated all my free time to my sport of choice. This was the most gendered institution I had participated in at such a young age and really shaped the differences between masculine girls and feminine girls. From here, I had a solid idea of which end of the spectrum I fell under and how although I may differ from the other girls, there was nothing wrong with me. I chose to work out while girls my age chose to shop at the malls, I wore a short, hassle free haircut, while others girls had hair down past their shoulders.Christmas meant new equipment and sports apparel instead of the traditionally asked gifts of dolls and makeup. I still to this day see a reflecti on of that in my daily practices of gender. Jeans and t-shirts take priority over dresses and heels, I spend maximum of 30 minutes to get ready for the day while my extremely feminine roommates take a minimum of 2 hours. I still find myself watching and participating in sports, although not as passionately as I once had, but it is always in the back of my mind.I believe that I relate easily to the male sex because I understand their topics of interests that a lot of other girls my age do not. While I do identify as a girl, my interests, style of dress, laid back attitude, and casual appearance seem to identify more with the masculine identity. Whether this is due to the institution of sports or biological genetics, is a completely different argument. While basketball had an extremely big influence on my gender identity, growing up in a house of predominantly women; myself, my mother, and my two sisters, had an extreme impact on me, and how I viewed femininity.My Mother, extremely pr oud of us all, held no reservations, no expectations of gender, and was open to anything we wanted to try as children to establish an identity for ourselves; a true gift in which not everyone is exempt to. Growing up in a household that was flexible and fluid about personal identity and gender, I found this to be an extremely influential gendering institution. The expectations of the household were pretty fair and straightforward, the chores must be completed by Sunday nights, didn’t matter who did them as long as they got done.Curfews never changed, if you were coming home it had to be by midnight and if you were staying at a friend’s, call to say goodnight. These simple yet constructive guidelines allowed a certain flexibility to make my own decisions yet always take responsibility for them, the freedom to deviate away from the rules was there but somehow I never wanted to. Living in a home of all girls, there was always a certain aspect of masculinity missing from t he house; who will kill bugs, who will mow the lawn, change the light bulbs, unclog the toilets, fix the broken things?These small but important tasks I began to take on for myself. Slowly but surely taking on the role of â€Å"the man of the house†. Despite the sense of togetherness in our home, I always felt like the odd man out, displaying predominantly masculine emotions towards personal issues while my mother and sisters had no problem letting their tears and emotions spill. To this day I do not feel fully comfortable with â€Å"opening up† or crying in general, I would rather let them sit in the pit of my stomach and shake it off and this is considered a trait of a male.The lack of rules and rituals regarding feminine gender allowed me to fluctuate between the two until I found one I was comfortable with, a happy medium. Through my involvement in multiple structures and institutions, I believe that my gender came from a process of social agency, which is the abil ity of individuals to act independently and make their own free choices. Active participation in a gendered institution like Catholic Youth Organization Basketball, provided me with structure to be strong and confident even as a young girl.Although it went against social norms of femininity, I knew from a very young age that I was not the typical girl. Sitting on the opposite end of the spectrum, was the gendering institution of my family life. I was taught to be a polite and kind member of society, with no labels or expectations of gender attached to it. My mother always told me that as long as I was kind and civil to people, it should not matter how I dress or whom I choose to love. From all this, as a 21 year old openly gay woman in an institution as big as a California University, I found that while the endered and the gendering institutions are incredibly important in developing an identity for ourselves, I believe that even without strict and precise constraints of gender, one may develop and begin to flourish on their own. References Lorber, Judith. 2009. â€Å"The Social Construction of Gender. † Pp. 112-118 in Reconstructing Gender: A Multicultural Anthology by Estelle Disch. Boston. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Messner, Michael. 2009. â€Å"Boyhood, Organized Sports, and the Construction of Masculinities. † Pp. 119-135 in Reconstructing Gender: A Multicultural Anthology by Estelle Disch. Boston. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Report of what I did last week Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report of what I did last week - Essay Example This communication was critical because it enhanced the speed of activities and ensuring that each group member was aware of his or her role. Project development was characterized by discussion of the outline discussion and preparation. An outline is crucial in any project because it ensures that participants cover all the necessary parts without leaving necessary parts out. I decided to do opening statement and purpose. The opening statement will enable potential clients to identify project benefits in addition to attracting and maintaining their attention. I suggested and designed a help page for the project. A help page is the page in an application that enables clients to find assistance from the administrators of the application through asking questions. The primary purpose of the help page is to enable clients fully comprehend how the tool works. I volunteered to design this page. Customers will have more interest in using our application tool because they are guaranteed of help when they need it. During project commencement this week, I persuaded group members to create time for more meetings sessions than normal. I believed that the more the number of meeting sessions, the faster would be the duration for project completion. Through encouraging group members to meet regularly, I made vital contribution particularly ensuring that the project was completed within the predetermined period of time. The tool we are currently developing is new and unique; no one within our group has the idea of its components. My friend John had the original idea of this application. I supported him in understanding and developing the main components of the tool. We decided to divide the work among the group members. Division of work is important in any project because it enhances the speed of completion. Division of work will also encourage specialization with its associated perfectionism, motivation to work, and improved quality since each group member will be

Civil Rights Act Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Civil Rights Act - Research Paper Example Even in the process of passing the Act many opposed it, but at the end of the day, it succeeded and brought with it a new perspective to Americans. It played a vital role in the aspect of racial, gender and religious discrimination in the different sectors. It is essential to look back on how the policy was established in order to assess the usefulness and the importance of the policy today. Background of the Issue During the early years in the 1960s, there was evidently unequal treatment of and opportunities for Blacks and Whites who resided in America. There was an invisible line that prevented the Blacks from securing any governmental position. They have even experienced discrimination within public and private establishments. In relation to this, during the 1960s, Birmingham, Alabama was considered as the most racist place in the U.S. Many of the discriminatory acts against African Americans were done within the limits of the state. In May 2, 1963, a march against the racist stat e was held by more than a thousand of African-American children. The protest was aired over national television and Kennedy, along with the world, witnessed how the protest was stopped by the police. The police used dogs against the children as they knocked the children out with sprays (Vox). It became a window for Kennedy to understand how racism and discrimination could lead people to hurt and even try to kill children. With this on hand, on June 6, 1963, President John F. Kennedy announced on national television that he was urging people to take part in the equal treatment of every individual of different races. After his plea, Kennedy suggested that the Congress should implement a law that would cater to every individual. The law suggested was to address racial discrimination, the voting rights, the right to education and the right of every individual for federal assistance. However, Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963 which could have caused a delay in the passing of the Act. Nonetheless, the assassination of Kennedy did not deter the implementation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. As the vice president, Lyndon Johnson became the president. He signed it into law on the same day it was approved by the House. It took only a few months prior to the signing of the act into a law in July of 1964 (â€Å"Civil Rights Act†). The passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 did not immediately end discrimination and inequality among the other races who resided in America. However, there were profound changes that led to the enhancement of the rights of Asians, Blacks, Latinos and women. Prior to the passing of the Act, there was a local and state law on color segregation, which allowed business owners and local government agencies not accommodate Asians, Blacks, Latinos and other races. However, the Act’s greatest achievement was the ending of this segregation and in return, allowed other races to sue public and private establishments that discr iminated or violated their rights. Furthermore, equal employment was also established, which did not allow discrimination in race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in the workplace, during the hiring process, promotion and dismissal of employees. During this time, employment and incomes of Asians, Blacks, Latinos and women rose along with the median income of the families (Hartford; â€Å"

Personal Leadership statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership - Personal Statement Example By using these skills, characteristics and techniques, there is the ability to work more effectively with others in a company. There are a variety of benefits by looking at skills and characteristics of a transformational leader. If I focus on these attributes, then the openness, communication and the work as a team will be better to work with. This is combined with the ability for transformation to occur with openness and willingness to work with new ideas. With innovation and experimentation, there will be the ability to change the working environment and the approaches which are taken in the workspace. While this openness is important, I also believe it is important to create a sense of leadership by guiding and sticking with the goals and vision of the company. This is able to work as a guide while monitoring what types of innovation are used as well as what maintenance is required for the company. Mediating between these two aspects is one which not only provides transformation, but also offers guidance through various skills and characters that assists and supports the company. Gong, Y, JC Huang, JL Faith. (2009). â€Å"Employee Learning Orientation, Transformational Leadership, and Employee Creativity: The Mediating Role of Employee Creative Self – Efficacy.† The Academy of Management 31. Pieterse, AN, D Knippenberg. (2010). â€Å"Transformational and Transactional Leadership and Innovative Behavior: The Moderating Role of Psychological Empowerment.† Journal of Organizational Management 81

Article Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 24

Article Review - Essay Example Bellamy & Basole (2013) reveal that with the ongoing evolution and adaptation of systems steered by multifaceted sociotechnical inter-firm contacts, traditional engineering and operations management modelling become less effective. The traditional modelling perspectives become ineffective in capturing of numerous complicated elements of supply chain systems or SCSs structurally and behaviourally. These drawbacks result to the acknowledgement of crucial benefits linked to network analytics in understanding, designing and managing SCSs. To understand the impact of network analytics, three interdependent themes evaluated are SCS system architecture or network structure, SCS system behaviour or network dynamics, and SCS system policy and control or network strategy. Network analysis involves interdisciplinary lens that relies on theories derived from organizational, social, and complexity sciences. Additionally, network analysis controls graph theoretic techniques to design, evaluate and visualize the SCS structure, strategies, and dynamics. Bellamy & Basole (2013) article relies on objectives of network analysis systematic review in the literature of supply chain; organization into an integrative framework and suggestions for future directions. The research fields included in the multidisciplinary analysis are operations management, sociology, biology, marketing, physics, economics, and system engineering. The data used by Bellamy & Basole (2013) was based on a supply chain context relative to the period starting 1995 to 2011. The year 1995 was chosen for being the first year network analysis use in analysing supply chain. Articles publication was based on publication year, research method and research theme, and publication outlet. The article’s research was found on 126 articles examined using varying combinations of the three themes but concerning the research

Education common core standards debate Assignment - 2

Education common core standards debate - Assignment Example Assuming the role of a high school principal, I would like to address some concerns with the execution of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS).This initiative was formed with very good intentions aimed at helping the learners’ right from the high school stage all through post-high school level. The main goal of this initiative was to come up with high standards that are consistent across states. The stakeholders in the formation of this initiative were a board of state governors, a private consulting firm and the council of school officers. The goals of the initiative were all beneficial, but the main issue is with the implementation. The initiative, if well implemented will assist many scholars. This is because it pays special emphasis on the students with special needs. According to Haager and Vaughn (2013), the adoption of this initiative will erase some of the differences between general education and special education. It will solve the problem of students with special needs having to travel from one state to another which has been disrupting the learning of such students (p. 6). Considering that it will be implemented in all the states, the problem will be of the past. The United States department of education was not directly involved in the formation of the initiative, but it has been trying to compel the states to adopt and implement the initiative. This has led to some states opting not to implement the standards, either due to lack of sufficient funds to run the standards or due to political reasons. Special educators will also take time to undergo an intensive training on the interpretation of the CCSS, which may further drag the implementation of the program. There also lacked enough time to try and implement the program and also to determine the ability of the schools to shift to this program. There has not been due

Depression Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Depression - Research Paper Example Depression is both preventable and treatable with better parentage and good schooling institutions. Depression can be described as a mental illness, which influences the functioning of individuals in day-to-day life activities. Depression mostly affects a person’s social activities because the infected individuals usually experience problems in coping with certain emotions. For many years, depression has been viewed as an issue that only affects adults. However, research in the contemporary world has proven otherwise. Children are also at a high risk of developing depression, mostly from neglect, abuse, and other life struggles that include poverty that may affect their subsequent stages in life. Depression can lead to other physical health problems such as heart diseases in later stages of life if not identified and controlled (Blumenfield et al., 2012). Children, who show withdrawal and anxiety at early age, have a high risk of developing depression at later stages of life. Depression, along with anxiety disorders, is among the ten main causes of disabilities globally. Th is implies that one in every ten children suffer from a certain type of emotional disturbance, which is severe enough to lead to other problems such as impairment (Shapero et al., 2014). Educational institution settings have also been blamed for playing a significant role in contributing towards the development of depression in children. However, these situations are preventable and treatable if children grow up in the most appropriate environments and given proper care when symptoms associated with depression start to develop. Early childhood is psychologically the most important stage of development where an individual’s mind develops. If the development is affected, the individual may develop long-term repercussions, one of these being depression.

Drug policies need to approach legalization Essay

Drug policies need to approach legalization - Essay Example should be legal or not is not consistent in nature; rather it is filled with myriad opinions and major ones concerning the darker aspects that makes it more contentious and convoluted particularly when it concerns such issues as which are the drugs to be legalized and those that should be kept under hood. These opinions or perceptions about legalization of drugs are divisive whether it comes from the young generation or the President of a country. Thus, it would not be entirely fair to state that drugs such as marijuana can be made legal and there should be prohibition on the usage of substances such as heroin and cocaine. This is primarily because there are no laws to exercise control over the amount of drugs that can be used which may lead to further complications (Goldstein 8-9). As far as legalization of drugs are concerned, it can be clarified beyond doubt that it is wrong although there would be a larger brigade of people who may suggest that not legalizing it leads to similar consequences or even abuse. If the philosophical elements are taken into account, the first point that can be raised is that using dugs is not bad as long as it is not creating harm to others. The argument, which is primary in this context, is that the freedom of using drugs is in no way related to addiction as it can be any other prohibitive substance as well or even food in particular. The idea, which is emphasized here, is that of John Stuart Mill who has stated â€Å"over himself, over his body and mind, the individual is sovereign† (White 280-81). On the other hand, the opponents would disagree over the fact that consuming a substance deliberately which is harmful cannot be substantiated with any arguments in favor of its usage and the same applies to drugs. One of the best ways to put this issue independently is to shun off the moral components and think over it with a logical approach. Consumption of drugs is normal and falls under the legal grade only when it is taken in

Los angeles city Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Los angeles city - Essay Example The question thus arises if this is really something to be bothered about and if it does pose a threat to users of technological devices. There may be disadvantages to the use of gadgets however it is not as bad or destructive to people’s interpersonal relationships or social life as some experts claim it to be, as documented in this paper. For many parents, cell phones are viewed as instruments for them to keep in touch with their children and also for emergency purposes. Nevertheless, the increasing number of virtual communications is now causing alarm because it is viewed as a threat to the development of interpersonal skills of children. Such problem is presented by Sherry Turkle in her article entitled â€Å"No Need to Call†. She cites some examples of people who seem to be unable to communicate well with others but are now able to hide behind their computers to communicate with friends. For instance, the author tells that Elaine, a teenager, views texting and emailing as a preferred means of communication for shy people and even for outgoing people because they are able to edit and think about what they say before they send the message to the recipient (374). Unlike telephone calls and face to face interactions wherein the response should be quick and could not be edited or even taken back, texting serves as a convenient way of communicating. However, the confidence one has when he is communicating virtually, is often not displayed during close encounters and this worries experts. The same concern is shared by some parents but some disagree with the idea. Hilary Stout also gives examples of parents who are optimistic about social networking that strengthens some of the examples given by Turkle. For instance, she mentions Robert Wilson, a father of a 14-year-old shy and introverted Evan, who is worried about his son’s social life. When Evan signed up for facebook, Robert was glad to find

Bipolar Mood Disorder Essay Example for Free

Bipolar Mood Disorder Essay Many people ask, â€Å"Is Bipolar disorder real?† Some people believe that Bipolar Disorder is not real since having mood swings is a common factor in one’s life, especially in adolescence. They also say that all people in one point experience sadness, even the happiest people. But Bipolar Disorder is real. The illness isn’t just about being a little depressed once in a while. Bipolar Mood Disorder, or manic depression, is a serious mental disorder that causes a person to have dramatic changes in his/her mood, ability to function, and energy level. It can cause damaged relationships, risky behaviors, and even suicidal tendencies in one’s life if left untreated. The illness consists of the changing of mood between two emotional stages; mania and depression. Although the person alternates between these two episodes, at one point he/she may experience normal moods. Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder was first noticed in the second century, making it one of the oldest known illnesses. The first symptoms of mania and depression were recognized by Physician Arateus of Cappadocia, an ancient city in Turkey. He felt that mania and depression could be linked to each other and that they both were different types of the same disease. Mania is one of the symptoms of bipolar disorder. It divides into two categories; hypomania and mania. Hypomania is a less severe form of mania. During hypomania, one may feel extremely good, excited, and excessively happy. One feels like they can accomplish anything. â€Å"At first when Im high, its tremendous ideas are fast like shooting stars you follow until brighter ones appear All shyness disappears, the right words and gestures are suddenly there uninteresting people, things become intensely interesting. Sensuality is pervasive, the desire to seduce and be seduced is irresistible. Your marrow is infused with unbelievable feelings of ease, power, well-being, omnipotence, euphoria you can do anything but somewhere this changes.† This phase does not last forever. For someone who is bipolar, hypomania can evolve into actual mania, or depression. During Mania, one can go from being happy to feeling furious, irritable, and aggressive. Some symptoms of mania include increased reckless behaviors, talkativeness, sudden shifts from being happy and joyful to being hostile, restlessness, racing thoughts, and excessive energy. Aside from mania, the other symptom of bipolar disorder is depression. During depression, one may feel sad, guilty, anxious, hopeless and/or worthless. Other symptoms of depression include loss of energy, loss of interest in things one used to enjoy doing, difficulty concentrating, feeling restless and agitated, insomnia, changes in appetite, and thoughts of death and attempting suicide. Types of Bipolar Disorder There are many types of Bipolar Disorder; Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymic disorder, and rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. In Bipolar I, one goes through severe mood shifts from mania to depression. Bipolar II is a milder form of Bipolar II, containing milder episodes of hypomania that then can evolve into severe depression. Cyclothymic disorder consists of brief periods of depression that last shorter and less extensive than full episodes of depression. Last is rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. The illness is described as rapid-cycling when one has more than 4 episodes in less than a 1-year period. The shift of polarity from mania to depression in rapid-cycling can be in one week, or even as short as in a day. The rapid-cycling pattern can increase severe depression and suicidal thoughts. Causes of Bipolar Like any other psychological disorder, there is no exact cause of Bipolar Disorder. It can contribute from many different factors, the main ones being biological, genetic, and environmental. Scientists believe that primarily it is caused from biological factors. This is because in people who are bipolar, some of their brain’s neurotransmitters, which are the chemical transmitters of the brain, don’t function properly. Another factor that contributes to Bipolar Disorder is genetics. Bipolar Mood Disorder tends to run in families, so if one’s parent has bipolar disorder, he/she is 15-25% more likely to inherit the illness. The last factor that causes bipolar is environmental influence. Factors in life such as major stress or a life-changing event can trigger a biological reaction, thus making one develop Bipolar Disorder. Treatment Treatment is available to anyone who suffers from Bipolar Mood Disorder. The illness is often treated with medications. When prescribed medications, the patient is required to take daily medications such as mood-stabilizers. They are the most effective solutions for Bipolar Disorder, along with Lithium. Psychotherapy also plays an important part in treating the illness. If considering counseling, you can consult your family doctor. They may recommend psychotherapy, and prescribe medications for the disease. Other professionals one can visit are psychologists, psychiatrists, and therapists with a professional degree in the field of the brain. Mood Stabilizers Mood Stabilizers have the ability to decrease the severity of depression and mania, and also decreases the frequency in which they happen. The most common type of mood stabilizer is Lithium, which has been known for helping people who deal with mood swings for years. Conclusion Bipolar Mood Disorder is actually a serious mental disorder which causes one’s mood to shift dramatically in a period of time. The symptoms of bipolar include mania, which is the high, and depression, which is the low. The illness can affect one’s mood, behavior, and way of living, and can also make concentrating difficult. Depending on the type of the disease, one can change mood in months, weeks, or in days. Bipolar Disorder can be caused from many factors, including genetic, biological, and environmental. Many people suffer from this illness, but luckily there is a solution to improving it. With medications and psychotherapy, one can regulate their mood swings and their severity, making Bipolar Disorder easier to deal with.

Effect of Public Place for Urban Poor’s Benefit in Kind

Effect of Public Place for Urban Poor’s Benefit in Kind Introduction The development of cities was marked by the amount of people living in them. The demand of descent infrastructure services was fulfilled with the construction of infrastructure that fulfills the needs of low, middle and upper class people in the society. Nevertheless, the phenomenon that happened in Indonesia cities is with the construction of large scale infrastructures, there are more poor people living near them. With the rapid growth of city development, poverty is globally moving into the cities. Few conditions that caused by poverty are: people who don’t have a sustainable access, created slum area; almost everyday, cities are filled with vagrants and beggars; a large gap in education and health services between the rich and the poor; the formation of slum area caused by the population growth from the rapid flow of urbanization or migration. Until 2010, there are dozens of public infrastructures like health, education, trade and open space facilities gave attractions and opportunities for poor people multiplier effects. According to Jung et al (Jung, S et al, 2009), government expenditures for public facilities was purposed to eradicate poverty level in cities. However, the development of public facilities as one of city attractions can cause the migration of poor people to the cities. Globalisation, migration and social exclusion are often the keywords employed to explain this process of spatial concentration of especially long-term unemployed and immigrant and ethnic minority communities. The availability of public facilities as an attraction factor for poor people activities are analyzed using Geoda to identify spatial effect (Anselin, et al, 2004). Poverty in the City According to the World Bank Institute (2005), poverty is a lack of well-being where the poor can be defined as someone who does not have enough income or minimum adequate consumption levels. Poverty can be defined based on the monetary value, the type of consumption, housing, or the poor health. The macro approach on poverty and well-being focused on individuals ability to function in society, such as income, education, health, powerlessness, and lack of freedom in politics. According to Vincen (Vincen, 2009), poverty is a multidimensional problem that goes beyond economic issues as it relates to social, political, and cultural. Poverty is a form of human conflicts resulting from reactions due to lack of basic needs, biological, and psychological. Characteristics of urban poverty can be reviewed based on three-dimensional indicators of poverty. Based on the national poverty reduction strategy by Bappenas (2004), the three-dimensional nature of poverty can be use to measured in-kind benefits such as: Income. Income are affected by poor peoples livelihood that has shortcomings in terms of skill and willingness resulting non-permanent work. Most of the income derived from employment in the informal sector, because the formal sector is not able to absorb low-skilled labor. Other occupations carried out by the urban poor are high risk occupations where there are no guarantees of sustainability. The impacts derived from the low income are problems in the ownership of land and basic services. Education. The urban poor have limited access to educational services caused by the gap of education costs, limited educational facilities, cost of education, limited access to education; high education costs both direct and indirect costs (Bappenas, 2004). The impact of these problems are the poor people are not able to get a steady job, lack of constructive activities to improve the skills of young people of school age, and gender inequalities. Health. Poor people who work in the informal sector are at risk of having a low income. This causes an inability to reach basic services such as decent housing. The urban poor are dominated by people who do not have a chance urbanization decent tenure thus creating a slum area. The physical condition of housing and income limitations will lead to low purchasing power for accessing health and preserving the environment. Infrastructure Services Utoro (Utoro, 2006) suggested that services embody the organization of to the community as the fulfillment of needs and interests. Public services fulfill primary need which includes service levels, patterns of distribution, outreach, and the tendency of the level of need. Most of the infrastructure can be regarded as a public facility, the facilities provided by the government or private managed in order to meet the needs of the community are typically in the form of roads, bridges, buildings, open spaces, and so on. Social activities and economic activities characterize the development of a city. One indicator of the dynamic development of the city can be seen from the economic conditions of the city (urban economic). In general, the characteristics of urban development can be determined by the capacity of infrastructure and facilities in a city. That condition indicates that the infrastructure and facilities are very vital part in the development of a city. Infrastructure is a key foundation in social and economic activities. According to Dardak (Dardak, 2008), infrastructure services are part of the public sector to enable private sector and household consumption activities. The dynamics of the economy of a city is determined by how much the efficiency of the use of space or land-use patterns for the activity of the economic infrastructure in the city. The economic development of the city will be determined by the dynamics of trading systems that exist in the city and also in the surrounding area. Klojen District Klojen District located in Malang urban center area has the most complete public facilities services and the most densed population in Malang urban area. According to Klojen District Detailed Plan year 2010-2030, Klojen District is planned as the center for regional service for Malang city. Klojen District functioned as the center for education, trade, public service and public administration. According to Malang Statistic Biro (BPS) data year 2011, there are 10.328 poor household living in Klojen District. Methods To identify whether there are neighbouring spatial effect between benefit in kind for the poor in public space and public space services using Geoda, the Klojen District is divided into 37 blocks as analysis unit, using physical boundary (road and river), administration boundary and the distribution of public space. The public space characteristics used in this research are: accesibility, service level, capacity, sidewalk availability, sidewalk pavement, parking availability, open space availability, lighting, security, visitor and activities. Whilst public space benefit in kind for the poor are divided into economic, education and health benefits. Collecting data is used questionnaires to obtain information from the respondents and field observations to obtain data of infrastructure services. The multiple spatial regression is used to create a model of relationship of infrastructure services and benefit in kind the poor. In this research, Geographic Information System (GIS) by ArcMap is used as basic data to analisys in spatial statistic program. Using computer program known as GeoDa, spatial autocorrelation, Moran’s I values, and spatial regression for each variable was able to be calculated. The results of the analysis presented in following: Spatial weights, which describes the relationship between the neighborhood polygons with another polygon. In this analysis will note the number of blocks that are affected and will be included in the model equations; Formula spatial model with the multiple regression model as follows Y1= A.W+ B + a.X1 + b. X2 + c.X3 + d.X4 + e.X5 + f. X6 + ..+k.X27(1) Y2= A.W+ B + a.X1 + b. X2 + c.X3 + d.X4 + e.X5 + f. X6 + ..+k.X27(2) Y3= A.W+ B + a.X1 + b. X2 + c.X3 + d.X4 + e.X5 + f. X6 + ..+k.X27(3) Y1: Economic Benefit (Rp) Y2: Education Benefit (Rp) Y3: Health Benefit (Rp) A: Lambda W: Spatial Weight B: Constants a-k: Variabel Coeffisient X1-11: Independent Variables Spatial multiple regression analysis performed spatial weight and the value of Lagrange Multiplier (LM) Lag and Lagrange Multiplier (LM). The spatial model based on the results of statistical tests that showed the significant value and also it can be seen by the largest value of determinant coefficient (R2). Table 1. Blocks code in Klojen, Malang No Sub District Block code No Sub District Block code 1 Rampal Celaket 65111-1 20 Kasin 65117-2 2 Klojen 65111-2 21 Kasin 65117-3 3 Klojen 65111-3 22 Kasin 65117-4 4 Klojen 65111-4 23 Sukoharjo 65118-1 5 Klojen 65111-5 24 Sukoharjo 65118-2 6 Klojen 65111-6 25 Sukoharjo 65118-3 7 Samaan 65112-1 26 Sukoharjo 65118-4 8 Samaan 65112-2 27 Sukoharjo 65118-5 9 Samaan 65112-3 28 Kauman 65119-1 10 Penanggungan 65113-1 29 Kauman 65119-2 11 Penanggungan 65113-2 30 Kauman 65119-3 12 Gadingkasri 65115-1 31 Kauman 65119-4 13 Gadingkasri 65115-2 32 Oro-Oro Dowo 65119-5 14 Gadingkasri 65115-3 33 Oro-Oro Dowo 65119-6 15 Gadingkasri 65115-4 34 Oro-Oro Dowo 65119-7 16 Bareng 65116-1 35 Kiduldalem 65119-8 17 Bareng 65116-2 36 Kiduldalem 65119-9 18 Bareng 65116-3 37 Kiduldalem 65119-10 19 Kasin 65117-1 Benefit in Kind According to Suwandi (Suwandi, 2004), the poor in urban and rural areas should be able to obtain basic services consisting of economic, educational, and health. Economic benefits, the amount of the benefit that is obtained directly from the income received each month by the community so that it can be used as a savings or investment. Benefits of Education. In the economic benefit, education can be used as one of the indirect benefits received. Educational benefits are the amount of rupiahs set aside for educational purposes such as schools, courses, equipment purchases, and so on. Health Benefits. In addition to education, health can be used as one of the indirect benefits received. Health benefits are the amount of rupiahs set aside for health reasons such as health insurance, the benefit of treatment, and so on. Value of benefit in kind and infrastructure variables in each block is represented by highest value, lowest value, and average value. The minimum and maximum value show the benefit from services that in each blocks, while the average value is the general description of services provided by the blocks. Results Accessibility Accessibility is measured by distance (in meters) between the poor settlements and public facility. A maximum accessibility value à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹is 22.000 meters, while the minimum value is 50 m. This phenomenon suggests that there were a lot of different accessibility characteristics. Poor peoples that worked in the infrastructure services are not only lived in Klojen, but also have been coming from outside of Malang. Level of infrastructure Level of infrastructure is measured by scale of services. Hierarchy of infrastructure level is divided into three levels (districts, cities, and regional). Maximum value of infrastructure level is located in block 65112-2 because there are facilities which serve districts, cities, and regional scale. Capacity of facilities Capacity of facility is measured by area (in square meter) where the activity of poor people conducted in each blcoks. The maximum capacity or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the largest facilities is 29,100 m2, while the minimum value of the variable is 300 m2. Capacity of facilities Capacity of facility is measured by area (in meter square) where the activity of poor people happened for each blocks. The maximum capacity or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the largest facilities is 29,100 m2, while the minimum value of the variable is 300 m2. Pavementt Pavement is measured by the types of pavement of the pedestrian way where the activity of poor people conducted in each block. Pavement variable are divided into 4 types: cement, paving, soil, and without pedestrian way. The highest score is located in block 65117-2 where there are full of cement pedestrian way that supports and facilitates people activities. Open space area Open space area is measured by the area (in square meter) of open space where the activity of poor people happened for each block. Maximum value is 2500 m2 and it’s located in 65119-8, while the minimum value is located in blocks without open space facilities. Number of lighting Lighting is measured by the number of lighting facilities where the activity of poor people conducted in each block. The maximum value of variable is 24 lightings and located in block 65111-1 and 65111-4. The minimum value is located in blocks without lighting facilities. Number of security Security variable is measured by the number of security posts where the activity of poor people conducted in each block. A maximum value à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹is 6 security posts, while the minimum values are located in block without security facilities. Number of Visitor Visitor is measured by the number of visitors per day to the facility where the activity of poor people conducted in each block. Maximum value of this variable is 5,000 visitors per day, while the minimum value of the variable is 25 visitors per day. The number of visitors is related to the infrastructure scale. The economic benefits The economic benefits are measured by the value of income (in rupiahs) that was earned every month because of the poor’s working activities in infrastructure services in each block. A maximum economic benefit is Rp12.000.000 per month and it is located in 65119-5, while the minimum value is Rp300.000 per month. Educational benefits Educational benefits are measured by the value of income which can be saved to education purpose (in rupiahs) that was collected every month because of the poor’s working activities in infrastructure services in each block. Maximumt educational is Rp 1.500.000 per month, while the minimum value is Rp 0. Health Benefits Health benefits are measured by the value of income which can be saved to health purpose (in rupiahs) that was earned every month because of working activities in infrastructure services in each block. Maximum value of the health benefits is Rp500.000 per month, while the minimum value is only Rp3000 per month. Spatial autocorrelation is the correlation of a variable to itself through space. This means that spatial autocorrelation quantifies everything are related to everything else, but nearer things are more related than distant things. By investigating spatial autocorrelation, it is possible to test the strength of spatial autocorrelation throughout a map. Meanwhile, Moran’s I is the statistical standard for determining spatial autocorrelation. The strength of autocorrelation is based on a range from -1 to 1. As the resulting product of the Moran’s I calculation approaches 1, the stronger the spatial correlation. Based on the analysis, Moran’s I value of 0.2782, 0.2397 and 0.1152 for all dependent variables, the amount of spatial autocorrelation is minimal. This suggests that where economic, education, and health benefits are located is a function of randomness. Meanwhile, benefits value in the nearest neighbouring blocks is not much affect the high value of benefits in each block. Using Geoda spatial regression, Moran’s I test and Local Indicator Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA), obtained neighbouring spatial correlation model between urban public space characteristics with benefit in kind for urban poor. Table 1 Benefit in Kind Spatial Regression Model Spatial Regression Model Y1 = 1435434+ 0,2837605.W + 483262,9.X10 + 167479,6.X18 Y2 = -2600942 – 0,3221031.W + 20,94021.X1 + 15,33539.X5 + 3581828.X10 + 158529.X11 + 145914,6.X18+ 212624,8.X19 – 304595,4.X20– 368676,7.X21 + 654824,5.X23 Y3 = 22567,75 + 0,1570038.W + 2026,002.X14 + 385,74.X15 + 51283,1.X18 +69346,33.X19 99900,86.X20 + 230,9778.X24 +248,4346.X25 Y1 : Maximum Economic Benefit Y2: Maximum Education Benefit Y3: Maximum Health Benefit W: Spatial Weight (Neighbouring effect) X1: Maximum Accesibility X5: Maximum Capacity X10: Average Sidewalk Width X11: Sidewalk pavement X14: Average Parking Space X15: Maximum Open Space X18: Maximum Lighting X19: Minimum Lighting X20: Average Lighting X21: Maximum Security Post X23: Average Security Post X24: Maximum Visit X25: Minimum Visit Conclusion Cluster Map of Local Indicator Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) shows that the value of each benefit in kinds is not concentrated in a particular region based on the autocorrelation value. This suggests that economic, education, and health benefits are located is a random function. Whereas, benefits value in the nearest neighbour block is not much affecting the high value of benefits in block. Implicitly, the models suggests that the poor act rationally in determining the location of work based of infrastructure services that provide advantages more than the groups of nearest infrastructure in neighboring blocks. Bibliography Anselin, et al. 2004. Geoda: An Introduction to Spatial Data Analysis. USA: Urbana Champaign Badan Pusat Statistik.2012. Perkembangan Beberapa Indikator Utama Sosial-Ekonomi Indonesia. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia Bappenas.2004. Strategi Nasional Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Bab II. Jakarta: Bappenas Dardak, H. 2008. Pembangunan Infrastruktur secara Terpadu dan Berkelanjutan Berbasis Penataan Ruang. Direktorat Jendral Penataan Ruang Jung, S et al. 2009. Public Expenditure and Poverty Reduction in Southern United States. Presented at the Southern Agriculture Economics Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta January 31-February Suwandi. 2004. Perencanaan dan Strategi Penanggulangan Kemiskinan di Daerah.Jakarta: SMERU Utoro, R.I. 2006. Kajian Optimalisasi dan Tingkat Pelayanan Sarana Dasar di Kota Kecamatan Jalancagak-Subang. Tesis Dipublikasikan. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro. Vincen, B. 2009. The Relationship between Poverty, Conflict, and Development. Journal of Sustainable Development. 2(1): 15-28 World Bank Institute. 2005. Introduction to Poverty Analysis: Poverty Manual.

Role Of Chance Samuel Becketts Waiting For Godot Philosophy Essay

Role Of Chance Samuel Becketts Waiting For Godot Philosophy Essay The purpose of life is something mystic, that us, humans, have always seeked, yet dont really know how to find. What is our reason to live? The fact we cant explain it, leads us to believe its because of a force greater then ours. There are lots of different names to call it. God. Fate. We dont know what the meaning of life is, and theres noone we can ask. This feeling can be pretty depressing in itself, and Waiting for Godot focuses on this feeling and on the way people try to find something to live for The play basically says that our lives rely on chance entirely, and because of it, they are meaningless, and thats the reason why people rely on unknown forces guiding them through life. And the interesting part is, that even the sources, that should justify the fact that there are greater powers in the universe then we can comprehend, say that human existence has a lot to do with chance. This is clearified when a story from the bible about two thieves is mentioned. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾One of the two thiefes was rescued. Thats a reasonable percentage. (Beckett, 8) Percentage represents that chance involved in human life, and the fact that that our fate relies on chance shows that randomness is an important factor in ones life. Beckett uses this quote from the Bible to show, that even a sacred text that has been an a help for thousands of years acknowledges the existence of chance. One of the two thieves. Thats 50%. A 50% chance for salvation, and we have absolutely no control regarding th is chance. The fact that God (if he exists) stays silent, makes the chaos even bigger. The situation that God lets life work like this, makes him guilty. The peoples belief in God is explainable though, because it makes them believe that theres a reason to live. As Pascal, a french philisopher said (he was a believer by the way), theres nothing to lose, because if it turns out God doesnt exist, then people wouldnt care for anything anyway, but if it turns out he does, at least you were on the safe side all the way. But Gods silence is the main thing that keeps the characters in hopelessness, and makes this work of art a tragedy, even though the characters act comically. Either God doesnt exist, or he just doesnt care. And this statement tells that theres no divine involvment in life. The world in Waiting for Godot is one without any meaning, which shows that chaos and hopelessness are the leading forces of the world. The events in the work are repetetive. Vladimir and Estragon are at the same place every day, waiting for Godot, doing the same activites over and over again to pass time. This shows the chaotics world effects on the characters. As Einstein says: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾The sign of going mad is doing something over and over again, and expecting different results. We dont know the time cycle the events transpire in. Time is a very intersting aspect in this play. It exists, but the reasons for this are not entirely clear, because the present, the past, the future, these things dont mean anything in this world. Time is a mess. A very good symbolization of the fact that things are still happening though, are Pozzo and Lucky. They are completely different in Act I and Act II. (Pozzo is healthy/blind, Lucky is able to speak/mute). Beckett uses the change in the situation of Lucky and Pozzo to show that time, and therefore, life, is meaningless. Humans try to be distracted from this fact. Vladimir and Estragon both try to stay cheerful in the play, and try to pass time with pointless activites. Doing this, they act comical, which adds a humorous aspect to the play. The positive attitude of the two tramps thus amounts to a double negation: their inability to recognize the senselessness of their position (Andres, 143-144). Vladimir and Estragon do various things to get distracted from the endless wait. Discussing mundane topics, sleeping, and sometimes contemplating suicide. They do this because they try to ignore the fact that they are waiting for a figure, which is part of their imagination, and might never even come. They are waiting for Godot, and they think his arrival will be a salvation to all their problems. They probably know this is only a wish that might never come true, but at least they have something to look forward to. The only other alternative is death, and although they think about it, they dont have the courage to do it. In the end all a human can do are pointless actions, or to perish. They do these pointless actions because they hope relief will come in a form of an outside force. Godot symbolizes this force, and although he likely doesnt exist, he at least gives their lives a meaning.By waiting, they achieve at least a bit of meaning. Vladimir, while contemplating whether or not to help Pozzo in Act II, declares, What are we doing here, that is the question. And we are blessed in this, that we happen to know the answer. Yes, in this immense confusion one thing alone is clear. We are waiting for Godot to come- (Beckett, 51) Even though salvation is an illusion, its needed to be able to handle life, and that humans have to rely on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Godots to live. Its not clear whether Godot is real or not. This is shown by the fact that in both acts, they mistake Pozzo for Godot. That means they have never seen Godot before.The only contact they have with him is the messenger boy he sends everyday, telling them that Godot will come the next day. When Vladimir finally realises that Godot in fact will never come, great depression overcomes him. Vladimir realizes that he has no choice but to put up with the illusion, and go on. Theres no point. But theres no other option. All of these characters go on, but in the old ruts, and only by retreating into patterns of thought that have already been thoroughly discredited. In the universe of this play, on leads nowhere (Webb, 41). Waiting for Godot is all about how the world is based on chance, and the fact that a world based on chance cant have a real time sequence, and is therefore pointless, which makes life pointless too. Realizing this, humans will create distractions and diversions, in the form of patterns and reliance on divine forces, to provide them a purpose to live. In my opinion this book is a very good demonstration of the big questions every human has to face in their lifetime.

Dantes Inferno Essay example -- Dante Inferno Essays

Dante's Inferno It was sometime in the middle of the 17th century that British cleric Thomas Fuller wrote, "He that falls into sin is a man; that grieves at it, is a saint; that boasteth of it, is a devil." If Fuller was right, where does one place Dante, the pilgrim who bravely wandered where no man had wandered before? Certainly, the sojourner precisely written by the poet of the same name was a man. Certainly, also, he repented his sinful ways (how could one not after braving not only the depths of Hell but later the stretches of Purgatory and the "many waters" of Heaven?), but he was no saint. Indeed, Inferno itself can be easily construed as a boast of sorts—made it through hell, met Lucifer, bought the t-shirt. But in reality, the book is much more subtle, and the journey much more enlightening to readers as one watches Dante, an Everyman if ever there was one, change his thought processes even as foot passes foot on his journey downward. When examining just what type of man Dante the poet was, it's important to note the society of the times. To be from Italy†¦or, even more specifically, from Florence†¦was an important distinction. Even today, Italy is a center of religion. In 1330, Italy was not only a Catholic Mecca but a republican haven. Dante the poet was not the only citizen of the city to gain distinction—Michelangelo, Raphael, and da Vinci all proudly added "Florentine" under their signatures. Additionally, Pope Gregory XI would find the city sinful enough to excommunicate the entire place forty-six short years later. Living in such a tumultuous and dynamic atmosphere, it was no wonder that Dante the poet, already in exile, would place his literary counterpart (for clearly the pilgrim is ss otherwise specified... ...e progress of the pilgrim from a sinner, sympathetic even to those condemned by God, to that of a saint of sorts, vindictive and scornful of the enemies of the church. The presence of the two further episodes of Dante the poet's Divine Comedy (Purgatorio and Paradiso) indicates that the pilgrim's spiritual education is not complete, but he has learned a great deal throughout his journey throughout hell—arising from the subterranean with less moral confusion and a greater sense of God-fearing reverence. For 14th century Italy, the alternative was more than a personality flaw†¦it was a stigma. The poet, alone and in exile, had taken truly to heart and to paper the words that his Romantic counterpart Percy Shelley (a man who would be called to Italy himself time and time again) would write nearly 500 years later: "The great instrument of moral good is the imagination."

Political Philosophy Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every country in the world has a government that sets laws to keep order and peace. Not every government can be just in its ruling, but what defines a just ruling? And does anyone truly have the right to control others? Throughout time different types of governments have been established. As history progressed most governments were overthrown because of the laws that were imposed. Emperors and Kings changed to Presidents and Prime Ministers. This was caused by revolutions because the people did not like the way they were being ruled. But should people be ruled in the first place? Who should have the right to do such a thing? Today, the most powerful countries are run by democracy. But what is its purpose? It is supposed to carry out the will of the majority. So this means that someone will always be unhappy. Political philosophy deals with these sort of issues. Great minds such as Plato, Aristotle, Voltaire and Locke have looked at these issues and have tried to find the best possible answers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In days of old, kings created laws in order to keep peace. Most of the laws were set for selfish reasons. As history progressed people felt that they were being ruled unfairly. So should laws even exist if there will always be someone who is receiving the â€Å"short end of the stick†? Is it not the purpose, of laws and rights, to help people live in a safe environment? This is the main purpose of laws; to keep order. The governments that we have today have so many laws because they keep trying to solve problems by creating more and more laws. There are even laws for creating laws. However, although they are supposed to be in the best interest of the people, laws limit their free will. Laws tell a person what they can or cannot do. Unfortunately, they are still essential because they keep most citizens safe. So therefore, set laws, although essential, limit the free will of people no matter how sophisticated or organized they are. To support this, the theor ies and opinions of John Locke, Hobbes, Voltaire, and Plato will be presented. The first three of these philosophers lived at approximately the same time period and all support the essentiality of laws, although they limit free will. Plato lived much earlier but still has his own views on government and how it should be run. This paper will use their theories o... ...en in Plato’s unusual utopian society where the philosophers are the government. The main idea that can be derived from these philosophers is that laws are essential because they make the lives of the citizens much safer and prosperous. It allows people to enjoy life rather than constantly watch their backs. The citizens give up a little of their free will in order to exercise another part of it. Bibliography Alistair Edwards and Jules Townshed. Interpreting Modern Political Philosophy: From Machiavelli to Marx. New York: Palgrave MacMillian, 2002. Dudley Knowles. Political Philosophy. Montreal: McGill- Queen’s University Press, 2001. John Gray. Voltaire: The Great Philosophers. New York: Routledge, 1999. Johann P. Sommerville. Thomas Hobbes: Political Ideas in Historical Context. Palgrave Macmillian, 1992. Jonathan Wolff. An Introduction to Political Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1996. Michael J. White. Political Philosophy: A Historical Introduction. Oneworld Publications, 2004. Nicholas Jolley. Locke: His Philosophical Thought. Oxford University Press, 1999. Paul G. Paquette and Laura Gini- Newman. Philosophy: Questions and Theory. McGraw- Hill Ryerson, 2003. . Political Philosophy Essay -- essays research papers fc   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every country in the world has a government that sets laws to keep order and peace. Not every government can be just in its ruling, but what defines a just ruling? And does anyone truly have the right to control others? Throughout time different types of governments have been established. As history progressed most governments were overthrown because of the laws that were imposed. Emperors and Kings changed to Presidents and Prime Ministers. This was caused by revolutions because the people did not like the way they were being ruled. But should people be ruled in the first place? Who should have the right to do such a thing? Today, the most powerful countries are run by democracy. But what is its purpose? It is supposed to carry out the will of the majority. So this means that someone will always be unhappy. Political philosophy deals with these sort of issues. Great minds such as Plato, Aristotle, Voltaire and Locke have looked at these issues and have tried to find the best possible answers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In days of old, kings created laws in order to keep peace. Most of the laws were set for selfish reasons. As history progressed people felt that they were being ruled unfairly. So should laws even exist if there will always be someone who is receiving the â€Å"short end of the stick†? Is it not the purpose, of laws and rights, to help people live in a safe environment? This is the main purpose of laws; to keep order. The governments that we have today have so many laws because they keep trying to solve problems by creating more and more laws. There are even laws for creating laws. However, although they are supposed to be in the best interest of the people, laws limit their free will. Laws tell a person what they can or cannot do. Unfortunately, they are still essential because they keep most citizens safe. So therefore, set laws, although essential, limit the free will of people no matter how sophisticated or organized they are. To support this, the theor ies and opinions of John Locke, Hobbes, Voltaire, and Plato will be presented. The first three of these philosophers lived at approximately the same time period and all support the essentiality of laws, although they limit free will. Plato lived much earlier but still has his own views on government and how it should be run. This paper will use their theories o... ...en in Plato’s unusual utopian society where the philosophers are the government. The main idea that can be derived from these philosophers is that laws are essential because they make the lives of the citizens much safer and prosperous. It allows people to enjoy life rather than constantly watch their backs. The citizens give up a little of their free will in order to exercise another part of it. Bibliography Alistair Edwards and Jules Townshed. Interpreting Modern Political Philosophy: From Machiavelli to Marx. New York: Palgrave MacMillian, 2002. Dudley Knowles. Political Philosophy. Montreal: McGill- Queen’s University Press, 2001. John Gray. Voltaire: The Great Philosophers. New York: Routledge, 1999. Johann P. Sommerville. Thomas Hobbes: Political Ideas in Historical Context. Palgrave Macmillian, 1992. Jonathan Wolff. An Introduction to Political Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1996. Michael J. White. Political Philosophy: A Historical Introduction. Oneworld Publications, 2004. Nicholas Jolley. Locke: His Philosophical Thought. Oxford University Press, 1999. Paul G. Paquette and Laura Gini- Newman. Philosophy: Questions and Theory. McGraw- Hill Ryerson, 2003. .

Hamlet’s Sanity Answered Through Freudian Theories Essay

Sigmund Freud was the founder of modern psychology. and throughout his life he produced theories about the human mind that were revolutionary for his time. His thoughts about human sexuality, the conscious and subconscious mind, the structure of the mind, and psychotherapeutic techniques are the basis of human psychology. (Thornton) Freudian theories about human behaviour and the human mind are commonly used in psychology today. His theories, in one way or another, can apply to every person living or dead. Although Sigmund Freud lived centuries after William Shakespeare wrote his play Hamlet, Freudian theories can also be applied to the main character Hamlet and explain his sometime erratic behaviour. Through his theories of the Oedipal Complex, transference psychology, and the defence mechanisms, Hamlet’s behaviour can be better understood, and therefore help answer the question of his sanity. According to Freud, men and boys go through what he calls the Oedipal Complex, the theory stating that they subconsciously have sexual feelings for their mothers. (â€Å"Oedipus Complex (psychology)†)According to this theory, these feelings grow from the strong connection that children already have with their mothers from infancy. Mothers provide protection, love, and support that makes a young child automatically attached to them. (â€Å"Oedipus Complex†) When a child hits the age of sexual awakening, aged three to six, children will create an erotic attachment to the parent, generally, of the opposite sex. (â€Å"Oedipus Complex (psychology)†) Although the feelings are not fully recognized by the child they are present in their subconscious mind. (â€Å"Oedipus Complex†) Once this attachment is developed, a young boy will feel like they are competing for the affection of their mothers with their fathers. Boys may become jealous of any affection given to their fathers and may lead to them wanting to exclude their fathers so that all attention is on them. Once they hit puberty, the boy will learn to change the way he loves his mother to be less romantic, and not be as concerned with the competition with his father. However, through this transition, a boy will find that anyone he feels sexually attracted to, may remind him of his mother. (â€Å"Oedipus Complex†) Also, for some boys the relationship they have with their mother is the first close female relationship they have. Any  female relationships boys have, sexual and otherwise, will always be compared to the relationship that they have with their mother. (â€Å"Oedipus Complex (psychology)†) The Oedipus Complex has many parallels to Hamlet because of Hamlet’s relationship with his mother Gertrude. Hamlet’s father dies and Gertrude marries his uncle Claudius. Hamlet has a strange connection to their marriage and often talks about their sex life. â€Å"She married. O, most wicked speed, to post/With such dexterity to incestuous sheets!† (Shakespeare I.ii.156-7). Hamlet begins to struggle with the thought of his mother having sex with another man, and goes back to his competition for affection because of his feelings. According to Freud’s theory, by losing his father, Hamlet feels he should no longer have to compete for Gertrude’s affection because his only other competition is now dead. Claudius ruins this by marrying his mother and Hamlet, has to start the whole competition over again. This leads Hamlet back to a sexual awakening, this time with a much more disturbing, more complex version. This new sexual awakening heightens Hamlet’s affection for his mother to real romantic feelings. This also leads Hamlet back into jealousy of the other parent. Hamlet becomes jealous of the fact that Claudius gets to be with Gertrude because it is a desire that he will never be able fulfill. Hamlet tries to make Claudius look bad in front of Denmark because when addressed Hamlet only answers with â€Å"A little more kin and less than kind† (I.ii.64). Hamlet takes his jealousy and sarcastically answers showing his feelings towards both Claudius, and Claudius’ marriage to his mother. His passive aggressive attitudes towards Claudius show that he feels threatened and jealous of him and therefore representing the Oedipal Complex against his stepfather. His relationship with Ophelia also shows an Oedipal Complex because the relationship he has with his mother changes how he feels about Ophelia. As said previously, Hamlet does not approve of his mother’s marriage and often thinks of her marriage as being â€Å"incestuous† (I.ii.157). During the third act, Hamlet verbally attacks Ophelia because he sees similarities between her and Gertrude. Hamlet has lost Gertrude’s main attention and affection and therefore feels betrayed by his mother. He thinks that his mother is  deceptive and that she is betraying his father. He sees these same qualities in Ophelia and yells at her â€Å"God has given you one face and you make yourself another† (III.i.148). Even though Ophelia is not being deceiving he connects her to Gertrude just because she is female. This parallel the Oedipus Complex because the relationship with his mother affected his relationship with Ophelia. His connection with women will never be strong because of the respect he lost for his mother when she married Claudius. Freud’s transference psychology theory can also be applied to Hamlet and help better comprehend his mind. The transference psychology theory says that your unconscious mind will redirect feelings for one person subconsciously to the next. Freud thought that this transfer of feelings was an â€Å"important part of psychotherapeutic work† (Vollmer). The redirection of feelings also occurs through the loss of a vital person in one’s life, such as a parent, sibling, or other role model. By losing one of these, the mind attaches these feelings onto another. Parental transference is when father or father-figure feelings are transferred onto a person. Fathers are meant to be authoritative, wise, powerful, and protective. By projecting father feelings onto a person, the expectation is that they will provide this comfort. (â€Å"Transference†) Hamlet’s relationship with Claudius represents this theory because after the death of Hamlet Sr., Hamlet subconsciously places his fatherly feelings on Claudius. This has a negative affect because of his conscious hatred for Claudius and the way he acts towards him. â€Å"How is it that the clouds still hang on you?† is fatherly comforting that Claudius tries because he knows that he is now a father figure to him (I.ii.65). He knows that Hamlet is lacking this role and tries to step into the role for him but fails. Hamlet refuses to acknowledge Claudius as his father and only acknowledges Gertrude as a parental role, â€Å"Ay, madam, it is common† (I.ii.73). He can’t accept Claudius as his father and therefore only chooses to use his maternal role model instead. This leads to negative transference because he begins to lose the paternal role that is essential in his life. Hamlet also has a negative transference because fathers are always meant to make you feel safe. Hamlet is unable to feel safe because his father, Hamlet Sr., was a much better  protector in Hamlet’s eyes. He compares Claudius to his father and can not understand how Gertrude can be in love with them both: Where every god did seem to set his seal To give the world assurance of a man: This was your husband. Look you now, what follows: Here is your husband, like a mildewed ear, Blasting his wholesome brother. Have you eyes? (III.iv.69-73) The fact the Gertrude could be in love with a man as great as Hamlet Sr. and then move onto a failure like Claudius is a complete mystery to Hamlet. The transference of feeling will never be able to be positive for Hamlet because he has no faith, trust, or respect for Claudius. Even though transference is a part of the subconscious mind, Hamlet’s conscious mind will not allow these subconscious feelings to come to the surface. Freud developed theories with his daughter Anna as well, and together they created the defense mechanisms humans go through to protect themselves from anxiety and stress. (McLeod) Your mind can go into these defenses to protect itself from too much grief, or anxiety and through the different stages of defense your body will behave in different ways. The mind will do this to ward off any feelings that are unpleasant to deal with. They are called defense mechanisms because they are methods that the brain goes through to protect itself from anything unpleasant. One of the earliest stages of defense is displacement, which means placing feelings on someone who the issue has nothing to do with. An example can be, having a bad day at work and taking out anger on family and friends at home. Often this results in anger against the innocent person and may go farther than expected. Another form of defense is repression which occurs when bad memories are blocked from the mind to forget about bad memories. Children often do this if they grow up in abusive homes and may lead to them remembering nothing from their childhood. One of the final stages of defense is regression, which often helps a person get over the grief that they are facing. Regression is when a person goes back to child-like behavior to mask their true feelings and what they are thinking. This can lead to middle-aged men behaving like toddlers just to hide their feelings and protect themselves against more painful or  stressful thoughts. (McLeod) Throughout the play Hamlet goes through these stages to protect himself against dealing with the recent death of his father. Hamlet is told that his grief over his father’s death has been â€Å"unmanly grief† meaning that he needs to be a man and get rid of the feelings he is having (I.ii.94). Hamlet can not simply get rid of the feelings of grief over the loss of his father so he goes through the defense mechanisms to mask his feelings. The first that happens is displacement, when he gets angry at Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Hamlet is so angry with Claudius he insults his childhood friends and gets angry with them. â€Å"I am glad of it: a knavish speech sleeps in a foolish ear† is the intelligent sarcastic remark used on Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in which Hamlet calls them unintelligent (IV.ii.21-22). Although the king fools them into spying on Hamlet, they do not realize what they are doing and do it anyway. When Hamlet finds out that Claudius is behind it, however gets angry at his friends instead. Freud would look at this and realize that Hamlet is taking his anger out on them because he does not have the option or the time to get angry with Claudius. He displaces his anger on the wrong people, who are left confused and hurt. He also goes through repression because of his high expectations and ideas of his father. Hamlet Sr. never appears in the play and therefore only Hamlet’s view of him is known. Hamlet Sr. may have been an awful father and may have paid less attention to Hamlet than Claudius. Since this would be a horrible and painful way to remember him, Hamlet chooses to think of him on the same level as â€Å"Hyperion† or as â€Å"Mars† both are strong, powerful men who are looked up to in their society. It is much easier and less painful for Hamlet to remember his father this way (III.iv.64) (III.iv.65). The stage Hamlet is in at Ophelia’s funeral is regression because of his behavior and fight with Laertes. Laertes has just lost his father and sister within a short period of time and is overcome with grief. Hamlet finds out the news of Ophelia’s death and instead of respecting Laertes in a difficult time for him, Hamlet acts like a child and tries to make all of the attention on him. He makes a foolish argument that â€Å"he loved Ophelia: forty thousand brothers/Could not† (V.i.261). He resorts to a childish argument to hide his grief that he has now lost the love of his life Ophelia. Through Freud’s theories of the Oedipal Complex, transference psychology, and the defence mechanisms, Hamlet’s behaviour can be better understood, and therefore help answer the question of his sanity. Hamlet has not lost his sanity in the way he is perceived because Hamlet is simply behaving in the simple human psychological ways that Freud claimed to be normal. Hamlet’s relationship with his mother is just an extreme version of the Oedipal Complex; his hostility to Claudius was because he fails to fill the paternal role he needs, and the way he behaves towards others were simply his mind protecting him from anxiety and grief he felt after the loss of his father. Through the eyes of Freud, Hamlet’s behaviour would be just normal human behaviour.

Examining The Examples Of A Tragic Hero English Literature Essay

A premier illustration of a sad whizz is canful observe, from Arthur millers, The Crucible.A observe is halcyon placed in this class of hacekes be puddle he has features that define who may be considered much(prenominal) a hero, such as the detail that he is extremely regarded in the community, that he has a sad defect, that he dies and embraces hold up with self-regard and that he is portrayed as a human being equal his refs to which causes a purging of emotions in them. Leon easy writes that the ideal Aristotelean form of tragedya the pin from felicity to wretchedness, caused by a sombre rational mistake, on the portion of a hero who is worthy of regard ( prospering ) . fast one makes such mistakes due to his sad defects, which result in his ruin, but in malice of these defects in his eccentric, he is extremely regarded within his community. He makes a unspoiled mistake in judgement, realizes that he has do an irreversible error, and while he recognizes that he must be put to decease, m personaltains his self-complacency and trades with his destiny with a step of credence, analogous a tragicalal hero is say to make. Fin bothy, john has the intrinsic capability to bend out sympathy and commiseration from his readers which is to a fault a celebrated quality of the compulsory tragic hero. jakes monitor lizard is because the quintessential illustration of a tragic hero.A It is apparent early on thatA John monitor lizardA wasA extremely esteemed within the community, A because heA wasA c wholeed toA Reverend Parris family toA see howA the Reverend s ailment daughterA was making. The rigorous Puritan members of capital of Oregon anyhow com recreateed him for hanging the door of the church.A disrespect the strength in which the Puritans regarded their faith and the despite they shared for those less spiritual than they were, Arthur moth miller writes that varan, respected and even murder business concerned in ca pital of Oregona ( miller 20 ) . John watch oerA wasA still considered to be an honest, hardworkingA prominent manlike and aA God-fearingA Christian, even though he did nt go to church and was non, in any manner, perfect. James Martine suggests that the ideal helper of calamity, so, says Aristotle, must be a adult male like ourselves, one who does non possess goodeousness and virtuousness to flawlessness, but whose theatrical role is held in high-esteem by all ( Martine ) . Therefore, watch fits the portion of Aristotle s tragic hero definition which claims he must be a well-respected individual within the communicative s chief community ( even if he is non near to being master ) . However, as is the instance for every tragic hero, a tragic defect that John watch over possesses finally led to his tragic utmost. One of John Proctor s tragic defects was his unfaithfulness. Like Larry Brown be populateves, Miller created the matter between Proctor and Abigail as a card inal motivational doer in Proctor s instance ( Brown ) . Because of the matter he pursues with 17 twelvemonth old, Abigail, the remainder of the events that lead to his daylight of reckoning unfold. Abigail s green-eyed goliath of Proctor s married woman, Elizabeth, cause her to get down a flutter in Salem and to impeach batch of take parting in witchery because she believes if she removes Elizabeth, by impeaching her of being a beldam she could hold the desirable John Proctor all to herself.A Another defect of Proctor that consequences in his decease is his haughtiness. Martine agrees that for a hero to be considered tragic, the hero must be a extremely moral soul who has a tragic defect, a tragic flaw. This defect is frequently hubris-commonly characterized as pridea ( Martine ) . Proctor is delayed in the confession of his annoyance because it is of extreme logical implicationance to him to keep a good name. Had he owned up to the matter earlier on in the procedure , he could hold shown the tribunal that Abigail had a sensible alibi and the whole events of the Salem enchantress tests could hold been stopped in front they even began. Because of John Proctor s serious defect in character and his awful wickedness, he is hanged upon the gallows of Salem for all to see. Not many good deal own decease with such demonstrates and unity as Proctor does. A Out of self-respect and pride in his household and himself, John Proctor decides to be hanged instead than lie and falsely confess to hold ripe witchery and everlastingly be associated with it. Proctor, in mention to the prevarication that subscribing his confession would be, says Because I can non hold another in my life Because I lie and indicate myself to prevarications ( Miller Act IV ) . In add-on, he does non desire to subject to the self-aggrandising over of names of other people in the community, feigning that they were enchantresss, to acquire himself off the hook, or in this instanc e, gallows. The tragic terminal of the period of play comes at the really buck where Proctor found his morality and award that he thought he broken ( University of Houston- Clear Lake ) . The pride that led to Proctor s ruin is the same pride that causes him to decease in self-respect, without subscribing to prevarications.John Proctor hides his criminal conversation with Abigail from the tribunal for the intimacy of repute, until he must squeal I have made a bell of my award I have round of drinks the day of reckoning of my good name. However, as he is pressured to curse falsely that he dealt in witchery, Proctor realizes it is his name in the sense of personal unity, being align to himself, non his repute among others that affairs most of all ( Brown ) .The concluding facet of a tragic hero that John Proctor undoubtedly encompasses is his relatability, which causes the other characters in the drama and its readers to sympathize with him. Proctor is displayed as a mere h uman being with defects and battles which in many ways mirror our ain defects and battles. This deep-rooted temperament of frailty is Proctor s ain indispensable human race and demonstrates him to be a adult male merely like ourselves. And since this is so, the attendant katharsis arouses, and purgings, our ain commiseration and fright ( Martine ) . nigh of his greatest battles are happening himself and screening with the crime he come ups for holding an matter, which he finally comes to accept as Martine says John Proctor is heroic because he accepts his guilt and indicts the society that would coerce him to give over his scruples. To make both, he must be self-discovered, self-recognized and eventually self-accepting ( Martine ) . Proctor is at his height of ego consciousness when he realizes how of import it is to keep his unity. Robert Heilman explains that Shakespeare made the tragic hero, a figure capable of self-awareness and self-judgment ( Heilman ) . Just as Miller gave John Proctor the ability to hold self-awareness, William Shakespeare gave his tragic heroes the same ability. Because the readers square up themselves similar to Invigilate in that they besides are flawed, they are able to to the secure sympathize with him and throw themselves into the emotional scene of the narrative. Therefore, when the narrative of John Proctor is read, the reader experiences a katharsis of emotions. They feel fear for him, throughout the tests and when his destiny is being determined. They feel sympathy for him as he approaches his decease, right after he and Elizabeth eventually mend their matrimony. A narrative of a tragic hero tends to accomplish that consequence on its readers.

Philosophy of Nursing

either entertain holds her avow somebodyalized views and whimseys approximately breast feeding. These views and beliefs adopt the defys someone-to-person wet- cheer school of thought. The take hold whitethorn come up that her doctrine changes as her recital continues to jump oer time. My philosophical system as a unused alumnus nurse xii old age ag atomic number 53 is much diametrical from my ism today. I attri notwithstandinge this life history experiences and to the suppuration I vex read as some(prenominal) a person and a nurse.My person-to-person definition of breast feeding is found on the nurse macrocosm a loving, favorate, depend adequate to(p), fitting, accountable, substantial and passionate person. A nurse non cartroadd cargons for her come uponed utilisations sensible ailments barely cathexiss for the consentient person and family building block. Nurses elicit two physical and horny strongnessful-being. Nurses should be able to do it ethnic differences and urge for endurings in a non-judg kind humankindner. discreetness is relate on wellness both honorable and bad. Nurses often decide affected roles in low wellness and change by r perpetuallysal to advocate them sticker to their form wellness posit. a great deal times, it is non realistic for diligents to be able to try to their previous state of wellness. In this courtship nurses help diligents conciliate to their affection and lead productive lives disdain managing inveterate distemper. nurse not and consists of wellness promotional material but as well as of illness legal community. wellness promotion includes barroom of illness and a akin improving long-suffering roles overall well-being. Nola Pender is a broach in health promotion and as a nurse I spend her wellness progress Model as a watch in my original c be for drill.To divvy up angiotensin-converting enzymes school of thought of process, virtuoso inevitably considers our beliefs to the highest degree man. I gestate man exists as a whimsical and holistic exclusive at heart a heathenly antithetical society. In my kitchen-gardening, man is expected to be sovereign and prudent for himself and his family. Self-reliance is bring home the bacon by the talent to exit self-c argon. Self- trouble is the baron to provide for ones confess staple fiber inescapably. If self- foreboding is not maintained, illness/ demise whitethorn occur. My refining, kindred many a(prenominal) early(a)s, considers the disgorge meritorious of aid.As nurses, it is our responsibility to raise assistance in bringing hoi polloi hold up to their normal state of health if realizable. Nurses do this by intervening in a fashion that is submitable to perseverings speckle managewise recognizing that diligent roles bear certain rights to scorn the assistance offered to them. It is historic for nurses to grant the many different reasons perseverings may not accept the lot they are offering. Nurses should be non-judgmental and recognize cultural differences so that they may provide culturally competent share philosophical system of nurseEvery nurse holds her own person-to-person views and beliefs about carry on for. These views and beliefs encompass the nurses individualized breast feeding philosophy. The nurse may find that her philosophy changes as her practice continues to grow over time. My philosophy as a new graduate nurse twelve years ago is much different from my philosophy today. I attribute this life experiences and to the growth I prepare experienced as both a person and a nurse.My personal definition of treat is based on the nurse being a loving, compassionate, dependable, competent, responsible, comforting and passionate person. A nurse not only when cares for her longanimouss physical ailments but cares for the whole person and family unit. Nurses promote both ph ysical and emotional well-being. Nurses should be able to recognize cultural differences and advocate for patients in a non-judgmental manner. Nursing is touch on on health both good and bad. Nurses often find patients in poor health and melt to assist them back to their normal health state.Often times, it is not realistic for patients to be able to return to their previous state of health. In this case nurses help patients adapt to their illness and lead productive lives despite managing chronic illness. Nursing not only consists of health promotion but withal of illness prevention. Health promotion includes prevention of illness and likewise improving patients overall well-being. Nola Pender is a pioneer in health promotion and as a nurse I use her Health Promotion Model as a guide in my current treat practice.To consider ones philosophy of treat, one inevitably considers our beliefs about man. I believe man exists as a unique and holistic individual within a culturally div erse society. In my glossiness, man is expected to be self-reliant and responsible for himself and his family. Self-reliance is attained by the ability to provide self-care. Self-care is the ability to provide for ones own basic needs. If self-care is not maintained, illness/death may occur. My culture, like many separates, considers the sick worthy of assistance.As nurses, it is our responsibility to offer assistance in bringing people back to their normal state of health if possible. Nurses do this by intervening in a manner that is acceptable to patients bit also recognizing that patients suck up certain rights to refuse the care offered to them. It is serious for nurses to recognize the many different reasons patients may not accept the care they are offering. Nurses should be non-judgmental and recognize cultural differences so that they may provide culturally competent carePhilosophy of Nursing overcharge This base explores the personal nursing philosophy I plan to conve y in my nursing flight. I believe the character of nursing is rooted in allegiance to public gain and the unavoidable desire to help those in need. Nursing is more than treating an illness preferably it is focused on delivering quality patient care that is differentiate to the needs of from each one patient.My philosophy of nursing incorporates the knowledge of medicine while subscribe to it with relational, compassionate condole with that respects the haughtiness of each patient. I believe nursing care should be holistic while honoring patient care for. A of the essence(p) aspect of nursing is interprofessional kinds, and collaborative causal agencys among health care professionals promote quality patient care. My philosophy of nursing elaborates to my community in which health promotion is something I allow for repetitively strive for. individual(prenominal) Philosophy of NursingFor as large as I can mobilise I have been overwhelmed with a hunger desire to care for those in need, and I savor this ultimately led me to the career choice of nursing. I feel near fulfilled when I am divine service and caring for former(a)s, and my personal nursing posture is one that is centered on compassion and service. According to Merriam-Websters online dictionary (2012), a philosophy is an analysis of the grounds of and concepts expressing thorough beliefs, and before entering to the profession of nursing, it is strategic to explore my personal rates and principles that will guide my nursing practice.My philosophy of nursing incorporates the knowledge of medicine while trust it with relational, compassionate caring that respects the hauteur of each patient. My philosophy is one that focuses on the empowerment each patient in the rake of holistic nursing care. This paper will explore the value I feel are necessary in relating to patients as well as health professionals, my personal guide culture, and society as a whole.Personal PhilosophyTh e Nature of NursingThe nature of nursing is something that cannot be simplified to one parole or phrase. Nursing is more than a profession it is more than treating those who are ill, rather it is a model of care and service to others, and it iscontinually evolving. The nature of nursing revolves round lading to public service and an undeniable desire to help those in need. It is my belief that crucial aspects of nursing include the prevention of illness, the treatment of the ill, and the promotion of health, as well as caring for clients.Caring acknowledges what is important to the patient (Austgard, 2006), and I feel this shapes the delivery of nursing care. I believe to say that caring is not intertwined with nursing is to say that animated has nothing to do with oxygen for the deuce go hand and hand, and nursing would not be what it is without its aspect of caring, just like breathing would not be possible without oxygen. The nature of nursing should revolve about respect fo r each patient and idolise of human dignity.The nature of nursing is also rooted in science and medical knowledge. It is the goal to prevent illness and treat those who are ill, and this requires a base aim of medical knowledge to produce nursing care possible. Since the medical field is something that is continually evolving, nurses must keep up to period with the current ruff practices and delivery of patient care. Nursing is a process that requires continual research and learning.Nursing and Patient CareIn regards to nursing and patient care, my philosophy of nursing focuses on holistic, patient-centered care, as well as a caring and compassionate patient family relationship. A holistic view of the patient allows the nurse to associate with patients on a relational aim in which nurses get to understand the values of patients, and this kind of practice separates physician care from nursing care.Holism involves studying and concord the interrelationships of the bio-psycho- social-spiritual dimensions of the person, recognizing that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, (Dossey, 2010, p.14), intend holistic nursing is not only concerned with a patients physical well being, but it also concerned with patients emotional, spiritual, and mental well being. Nurses, by nature are concerned with a patients comfort, for comfort remains a solid need throughout life and, as much(prenominal), should be considered an indispensable constituent of holistic nursing care, (Malinowski & Stamler, 2002).Patients who feel comfortable pull off let on with their illness and have instantaneous rates of healing then those patients who set aside to being uncomfortable(Malinowski & Stamler, 2002) and as a nurse it is my goal to make confident(predicate) my patient is physically comfortable as well as mentally and emotionally comfortable. It is my mission to make my care centered upon the patients needs and wishes. I believe it is important for patients to be i nformed and be spry in their care, and I hope to have a collaborative relationship with my patients so that their needs and wants are met.I want my personal nursing to revolve around edifice a trusting and caring relationship with patients because to establish a trusting relationship is necessary in order to see the situation from the patients spot and an absolute prerequisite for acknowledging and realizing a patients values, (Austgard, 2006, p.16). I value what is important to each patient, and even if his or her wishes are something I in person disagree with, it is button up my moral and ethical responsibility to treat the personal needs of my patient and escape for the best possible outcome.Nursing and Healthcare ProfessionalsNot only is nursing concerned with patient relationships, but also it involves relations with many other health care professionals as well, for nursing care could not be telling would not effective without the help of other health care professionals. In the past, health care relationships stemmed from the hierarchal basis, and confabulation took place on a vertical level, but with health care delivery evolving, inter disciplinary teamwork has become a heavy(p) aspect in patient care. As a nurse, I desire to have an open, honest, and effective relationship with other health care professionals while keeping the patients needs and wishes as the cause force for care.Communication is a key member in any relationship and it is natural in the health care relationships. Interprofessional collaborative practice has shown to improve patient outcomes and guardianship of medical staff (Wood, Flavell, Vanstolk, Bainbridge, & Nasmith, 2009), thus collaboration is something I feel is life-sustaining for my nursing practice. I would like for my relationship with other health care professionals to be one of collaboration, rather than competition.Health professionals must be able to work in collaborative practice models such as interprofe ssional teams in order to ensure consistent, continuous and good care, (Wood et al., 2009) and this supports the notion that interprofessional teamwork in nursing care is essential for the best patient care. I feel that effectivepatient care and arrogant patient outcomes should be the impulsive force behind interprofessional health care relationships.Nursing and the Work CultureA work culture is the posture and personality of a hospital unit, and I feel that a work culture can significantly influence patient care delivery. My preferred work culture would be one consisting of interprofessional collaboration, open conversation, and positive attitudes. Teamwork is an essential component of nursing, and I would like to work on a unit in which teamwork is valued and put into practice.Communication is critical for a positive work culture, and I personally would like a culture in which the opinion of the staff is support and valued. It is my philosophy that a positive work culture wil l positively affect patient moral, and this contributes to better patient outcomes. Nursing and the Environment and SocietyAs a nurse, I feel as though my responsibility to the health and preventive of others goes farther than the hospital of clinic I work in. Nursing has a disciplinary goal to contribute to the health of individuals and the overall health of society, (McCurry, Revell & Roy, 2009) and I believe nurses are obligated to promote health in their communities and nationwide. Since my philosophy of nursing is more than a profession and that is something that is focused on the commitment to public service, it would be unethical for me to brush off the health care needs of my community.As a nurse, it is very important that I precaution in addressing the healthcare needs of my personal community and environment as well as society as a whole. I feel as though it is my duty and responsibility to take an dynamic role in healthcare issues among the sphere, including issues s uch as smoking cessation and essential prevention of health care. I personally would like to be a imagination for my environment and take a role in health promotion throughout society.Nurses across the nation should take and energetic role in promoting health across the nation in operative for the safety of all individuals. Not only do I feel as though it is important to focus on my community, but I also feel responsible for helping those who have limited healthcare access, especially those in underprivileged areas of the world. I desire to take part in medical tripsoversees to promote health fostering and wellness in areas where this information is limited.Vision of Personal Nursing PracticeMy vision for nursing practice focuses on what is doing what is most beneficial to my patient. I hope to build caring, trusting relationships with my patients as well as play a positive role in their health outcome. No two patients will ever be the same, and my vision is to individualize ca re for each of my patients so their personal, emotional, and physical needs can be met. I unceasingly want to value each patient as an individual and respect his or her needs and dignity.My goal is to empower each patient to be active in their care in hopes of improving patient outcomes. Personally, I would like to continue to practice nursing care that is congruent with the best evidence to date, and continue to research and celebrate better ways of doing things. My vision of my nursing practice is to deliver quality and reliable patient care while promoting health in my community.ConclusionThrough this philosophy paper, I have explored what nursing truly means to me, and have become more aware of principles I value for clinical practice. I value holistic nursing and want to value each patient as an individual with varying needs. Respect for every patient is essential in preserving a patients dignity.My goal is for the patient to always be the focus of care and to make sure the patients values are understood. Interprofessional collaboration is an aspect I hope to implement in my nursing practice in order to better serve my patients. I desire to work in a healthy working environment in which open communication is encouraged. Nursing is something I plan to extend beyond the hospital in an effort to improve the health of my community and the country as a whole. This information and these personal values will serve as a guide for my personal standards of nursing practice.Philosophy of NursingEvery nurse holds her own personal views and beliefs about nursing. These views and beliefs encompass the nurses personal nursing philosophy. The nurse may find that her philosophy changes as her practice continues to grow over time. My philosophy as a new graduate nurse twelve years ago is much different from my philosophy today. I attribute this life experiences and to the growth I have experienced as both a person and a nurse.My personal definition of nursing is based on the nurse being a loving, compassionate, dependable, competent, responsible, comforting and passionate person. A nurse not only cares for her patients physical ailments but cares for the whole person and family unit. Nurses promote both physical and emotional well-being. Nurses should be able to recognize cultural differences and advocate for patients in a non-judgmental manner. Nursing is centered on health both good and bad. Nurses often find patients in poor health and work to assist them back to their normal health state.Often times, it is not realistic for patients to be able to return to their previous state of health. In this case nurses help patients adapt to their illness and lead productive lives despite managing chronic illness. Nursing not only consists of health promotion but also of illness prevention. Health promotion includes prevention of illness and also improving patients overall well-being. Nola Pender is a pioneer in health promotion and as a nurse I use her Health Promotion Model as a guide in my current nursing practice.To consider ones philosophy of nursing, one inevitably considers our beliefs about man. I believe man exists as a unique and holistic individual within a culturally diverse society. In my culture, man is expected to be self-reliant and responsible for himself and his family. Self-reliance is attained by the ability to provide self-care. Self-care is the ability to provide for ones own basic needs. If self-care is not maintained, illness/death may occur. My culture, like many others, considers the sick worthy of assistance.As nurses, it is our responsibility to offer assistance in bringing people back to their normal state of health if possible. Nurses do this by intervening in a manner that is acceptable to patients while also recognizing that patients have certain rights to refuse the care offered to them. It is important for nurses to recognize the many different reasons patients may not accept the care they are offe ring. Nurses should be non-judgmental and recognize cultural differences so that they may provide culturally competent care